The Secrets of Resarch Paper Exposed

The Secrets of Resarch Paper Exposed If you aren't conscious of APA requirements just type in Google (or some other search engine) APA format and you are certain to find a good deal of results. Sample Section Headings The subsequent sample headings are supposed to be used only as a reference. To compose the text citations is essential because it gives the authentication of your research. The outline template should have all sections which are necessary in research paper format. The Importance of Resarch Paper On the flip side, you won't have the ability to rely on such assistance all the moment. All you need to perform is to compose the original paper from outline which you've finished. No matter the character of your research, if you're writing a paper an outline can help you to not just organize your thoughts, but in addition function as the template for your whole paper. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. Our research paper outline templates will allow you to save plenty of time and money. The 30-Second Trick for Resarch Paper Although a lot of scientists are busy people they're often ready to spend some time supplying you with information. Explain how you intend to begin conducting your research. So, so as to compose an impressive research paper you've got to devote some opportunity to preparations, especially if you don't have a lot of knowledge in academic writing. There's always APA research help if there's a need to use tools to create thesis statements and outlines. Research Paper isn't a task for a single day. As you are going to learn from looking through any excel lent research paper example, writing a fantastic paper involves so far more than simply throwing a lot of text and citations into a word processor and hoping for the very best. With the arrival of mapping applications like Google Earth, it's no harm to incorporate a map of the website or sites in the appendices. Find information Look for information online in addition to printed materials to create articles more evidence-based. You do not need to be concerned about the remainder of your research paper because the content will be contingent on the material written back on your index cards. If you believe writing of a research paper is just about gathering relevant materials and copy-pasting then in a different document, you're mistaken. An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain distinctive research and distinctive idea. A research paper includes a study that typically starts with the invention of a research paper outline. It is a very serious form of academic writing. The Tried and True Method for Resarch Paper in Step by Step Detail Research paper writing is quite an intriguing endeavor for students should they perform it with total dedication and motivation. Page-by-page, your assignment can be finished by the expert writers in short. There's something that helps students a fantastic deal till they begin their procedure for research paper writing. Writing tech papers is essential since it makes certain that the readers understand the papers. The Downside Risk of Resarch Paper So, first of all, a college research paper has to be informative. You should have a synopsis of your research in the debut of your report because it will supply a non-specialist with a fast history of the area. In the era of the web, it is getting increasingly important to make certain that your research are available, both on the web and on university intranet search facilities. Research papers are crucial for a student who would like to pursue higher degree of study. The New Fuss About Resarch Paper Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of resear ch on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little bit of preliminary searching and be certain you are going to have all the info you must compose your paper. Make a short-term outline An outline will enable you to consider your entire topic carefully and to organize it logically before you commence writing.

The Transmission Of Aids With Homosexuality - 863 Words

Historically, as a result of our fathers not wanting to be regarded as sanctioning behaviours at odd with the church’s theology, the church has always taken a conservative stance on sexual ethics. That said, ministers, till this very day, still link the transmissions of AIDS with homosexuality, a schismatic theological issue for all denominations, since it is much easier to deny the problem of diseased bodies and avoid talk of sex and sexually transmitted diseases. This will not be that kind of sermon. To begin, AIDS, also referred to as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, which in return, greatly lowers the resistance to infection and malignancy. A virus known as the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, is a retrovirus that causes AIDS and allows for life threatening infections and diseases to thrive. AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s and it is now the leading infectious cause of death. Hence, aside from the twenty-five million people that have died since the 1980s, there are approximately thirty-four million people today living with HIV or AIDS. Those findings suggest that three million people become infected with AIDS every year, and about two million die from it each year. While the disease is transmittable through blood and sexual fluids, there is currently no cure or vaccine available to impede the course of the disease. That said, silence from the church can be deadly. It isShow MoreRelatedEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It spreads its wings all over. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be prevented. It has become the greatest life threatening disease and affects unbelievably high percent of human beings. Nowadays, besides other deadly diseases, HIV/AIDS becomes more complex and crucial health issue that challenges several medical inventions. Several contributors cause this deadly virus and disease such as promiscuity, homosexuality, female circumcision, sugar daddies, sexualRead MoreThe Effects Of AIDS Virus In The Media1732 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Women don’t get AIDS, they just die from it†, must have been jarring for the population of individuals who saw it and had never even considered that women were being unfairly treated in regards to their access to care as a result of contraction of the AIDS virus. Everyday citizens, who while cognizant to t he reality of the AIDS virus in the United States, failed to understand the pervasive misrepresentation of the populous affected by said virus. The poster, created by the AIDS activist art collectiveRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homosexuality is Abnormal and Immoral1489 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is Abnormal and Immoral      Ã‚   Of all topics most popular in todays media, issues concerning homosexuals and homosexuality in general top the list. Homosexuality is generally defined as a sexual relationship between partners of the same sex. Debate concerning its causes and consequences has been going on for many centuries and almost in every period in human history. However, never before in human history has it been granted such wide scale acceptance in western society as it hasRead MoreThe Hiv/Aids Moral Panic. Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV/AIDS moral panic. In human societies there will always be issues or problems that occur which cause some form of reaction from those who feel that their values or societal equilibrium is being threatened. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young led the way in explaining the notion of moral panics and how they are formed and their consequences on society. There have been numerous of these moral phenomena over the years, which have gripped society in a vice lock of terror and more often than notRead MoreHomosexuality And Homosexuality1257 Words   |  6 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY IN LIGHT OF UTILITARIANISM Homosexuality is the act of developing sexual desire to people of the same sex and even engaging in sexual relations with the people of the same sex. The theory of utilitarianism which was founded by Jeremy Bentham basically lays its foundations on the theme of morality. It advocates that morality should only be measured by the contribution to achieve happiness and pleasure amongst all people though the maximization of utility. It is true that happiness isRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality in Hong Kong1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the last decade, the issue of homosexuality has been widely discussed and known in Hong Kong. People have more opportunities to approach the word `homosexuality in their daily life through literatures, movies and occasional news revealing celebrities homosexual behaviors. Simultaneously there has also been significant growth in commercial venues such as restaurants and bars, catering to gays and lesbians. In short, the social context of Hong Kong and the attitudes gays and lesbiansRead MoreLgbt Views On Lgbt Rights Movement Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch on mental illness, and claims of condemnation from a biblical standpoint (God Loves Uganda). African countries in present-day frequently claim that homosexuality was brought upon their nations via the import of external ideas during foreign colonialism. In contrast to this, research has found that a historical existence of homosexuality in Africa has been depicted by documented accounts of same-sex patterns observed by P ortuguese and European explorations of Africa. In addition, historicalRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids856 Words   |  4 PagesHIV/ AIDS affects many people in the world. One of the many places that have the highest HIV/ AIDS epidemic is in South Africa. South Africa has one of the highest prevalence of HIV/ AIDS in the whole world. There are 6.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. There is a 19.1% adult HIV/AIDS prevalence, 340,000 new infections, 200,000 AIDS related deaths, and 42% adults on antiretroviral treatment. South Africa has the largest antiretroviral treatment program in the world. There areRead MoreResearch Proposal, Part I977 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Correctional inmates engage in drug-related and sexual risk behaviors, and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases occurs in correctional facilities. However, there is uncertainty about the extent of transmission, and hyperbolic descriptions of its extent may further stigmatize inmates and elicit punitive responses. Whether infection was acquired within or outside correctional facilitiesRead MoreArticle 567 Of The 2009 Burundian Penal Code1450 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore Article 567, the Burundian homosexual community did not face significant barriers in access to care and prevention. However, the new law has amplified the challenges of preventing HIV/AIDS within this community, which in turn negatively affects the overall efforts for global eradication of HIV. Reports of AIDS in Burundi first surfaced in 1983. At the time, same-sex behavior was not considered a criminal act. In fact, Burundi does not always have a history of homophobia - especially compared to

Modems Essay Example For Students

Modems Essay ModemsModems are used to connect two computers over a phone line. Modem isshort for Modulator Demodulator. Its a device that converts data from digitalcomputer signals to analog signals that can be sent over a phone line. This iscalled modulation. The analog signals are then converted back into digital databy the receiving modem. This is called demodulation. A modem is fed digitalinformation, in the form of ones and zeros, from the CPU. The modem thenanalyzes this information and converts it to analog signals, that can be sentover a phone line. Another modem then receives these signals, converts them backinto digital data, and sends the data to the receiving CPU. At connection time,modems send tones to each other to negotiate the fastest mutually supportedmodulation method that will work over whatever quality line has been establishedfor that call. There are two main differences in the types of modems for PC,internal and external modems. Evolution of ModemsIn the last 10 years, modem users have gone from data transfer rates of300bps to 1,200 bps to 2,400 bps to 9,600 bps to 14.4Kbps to 28.8Kbps to, and to33.6Kbps. Now new modem standards are emerging, reaching speeds of up to56Kbps. Unlike the 33.6Kbps modems being sold today, 56Kbps is a significantimprovement over 28.8Kbps modems. Viewing complex graphics or downloading soundfiles improves significantly with 56Kbps. The modem experts keep telling us thatwe are about maxed out. For instance when the 28.8 modems where first introducedthey said that weve reached our maximum speed, and the same thing was saidabout the 33.6 and now again for the 56K, but how true is this? The experts saythat the next major improvement will have to come from the telephone companies,when they start laying down fibber-optic cables so we can have integratedservices digital network (ISDN) . The thing that makes digital modems betterthan analog is because with analog modem transmission errors are very frequentwhich results in your modem freezing or just freaking out. These errors arecaused mainly by some kind of noise on the line due to lightning storms,sunspots, and other fascinating electromagnetic phenomena, noise occurs anywhereon the line between your PC and the computer youre communicating with 2,000miles away. Even if line noise is minimal, most modems will automatically reduceits speed to avoid introducing data errors. Baud vs bpsWhile taking about modems, the transmission speed is the source of a lotof confusion. The root of the problem is the fact that the terms baud andbits per second are used interchangeably. This is a result of the fact thatits easier to say baud than bits per second, though misinformation has ahand in it, too. A baud is A change in signal from positive to negative orvice-versa that is used as a measure of transmission speed and bits per secondis a measure of the number of data bits (digital 0s and 1s) transmitted eachsecond in a communications channel. This is sometimes referred to as bit rate.Individual characters (letters, numbers, spaces, etc.), also referred to asbytes, are composed of 8 bits. Technically, baud is the number of times persecond that the carrier signal shifts value, for example a 1200 bit-per-secondmodem actually runs at 300 baud, but it moves 4 bits per baud (4 x 300 = 1200bits per second). Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Data TransferSynchronous and Asynchronous data transfer are two methods of sendingdata over a phone line. In synchronous data transmission, data is sent via abit-stream, which sends a group of characters in a single stream. In order to dothis, modems gather groups of characters into a buffer, where they are preparedto be sent as such a stream. In order for the stream to be sent, synchronousmodems must be in perfect synchronization with each other. They accomplish thisby sending special characters, called synchronization, or syn, characters. Whenthe clocks of each modem are in synchronization, the data stream is sent. In asynchronous transmission, data is coded into a series of pulses,including a start bit and a stop bit. A start bit is sent by the sending modemto inform the receiving modem that a character is to be sent. The character isthen sent, followed by a stop bit designating that the transfer of that bit iscomplete. Modems SpeedsA full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. And in order to viewfull-motion full-screen video it would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per--second, depending on data compression. The Past 300 bps (both ways)1 200 bps (both ways)2 400 bps (both ways)9 600 bps (both ways)14 400 bps (both ways)Current Speeds 28 000 bps (both ways)33 600 bps (both ways)X2 or K56Plu56 000 bps (downloading)33 600 bps (uploading)ISDN single channel64 000 bps (both ways)ISDN two channel128 000 bps (both ways)SDSL384 000 bps (both ways)Satellite integrated modem 400 000 bps (downloading)ADSL (T-1)1 544 000 bps (downloading)128 000 bps (uploading)Cable modem (T-1)1 600 000 bps (both ways)(Videotron)Ethernet (T-2)10 000 000 bps (both ways)Cable modem (T-2) 10 to 27 000 000 bps (both ways)(in general)FDDI(T-3)100 000 000 bps (both ways)In some cases, the modem-equipped PC with a 28.8Kbps modem would befaster than a 33.6Kbps or even 56K modem, especially with sites that dont havea great deal of graphics. Thats because there are several factors thatdetermine how long it takes to reach and display a Web site. These include thespeed of your PC, your connection to your Internet service provid er, your ISPsconnection to the Internet itself, traffic on the Internet and the speed andcurrent traffic conditions on the site youre visiting. A good example would be,say you drive a fancy sports car and I drove along in my family minivan, youllcertainly beat me on an open stretch of road. But if were both stuck in atraffic jam, youll move just as slowly as me. In short, any modem willsometimes operate below its rated speed. According to the vice president of amajor 33.6Kbps modem company, you can expect a full 33.6Kbps connection aboutone out of 10 tries. HG Wells EssayIn addition to the dish, you get a 16-bit card that plugs into an ISAport of a desktop PC. The draw back to the system is that it eliminates Macs,notebook PCs and any other machines that dont have available slots. You will find a noticeable difference when viewing sites with videoand lots of graphics. This could eventually be a big advantage as an increasingnumber of information providers start using the Internet for full-motion videoand other multimedia presentations. But DirecPC for now doesnt offerspectacular advantages for normal Web surfing. And if youre thinking about along-term investment, consider that in the future there will be other optionsfor high-speed Net access. ADSL / SDSLADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) a method for moving dataover regular phone lines. An ADSL circuit is much faster than a regular phoneconnection, and the wires coming into the subscribers home are the same copperwires used for regular phone service. An ADSL circuit must be configured toconnect two specific locations. A commonly used configuration of ADSL is toallow a subscriber to download data at speeds of up to 1.544 megabits per second,and to upload data at speeds of 128 kilobits per second. ADSL is often used asan alternative to ISDN, allowing higher speeds in cases where the connection isalways to the same place. SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) is adifferent configuration of ADSL capable of 384 Kilobits per second in bothdirections. Cable modemsAnother type of modems are cable modems. It uses the same black coaxialcable that connects millions of TVs nationwide and is also capable of carryingcomputer data at the same time. Its able to uploading and downloadingapproximately 10 to 27 megabits per second. A 500K file that would take 1.5minutes to download via ISDN but would take about one second over cable. Classification Of ModemsA classification of modems that are capable of carrying data at1,544,000 bits-per-second are called T-1. At maximum capacity, a T-1 line couldmove a megabyte in less than 10 seconds. That is still not fast enough for full-screen, full-motion video, for which you need at least 10,000,000 bits-per-second. T-1 is the fastest speed commonly used to connect networks to theInternet. Modems that are capable of carrying data at 3,152,000 bits-per-second are refereed to as T-1C. Modems that are capable of carrying data at6,312,000 bits-per-second are refereed to as T-2. And modems that are capableof carrying data at 44,736,000 bits-per-second are refereed to as T-3. This ismore than enough to do full-screen, full-motion video. Modems that are capableof carrying data at 274,176,000 bits-per-second are refereed to as T-4. EthernetA very common method of networking computers in a LAN (local areanetwork) is called Ethernet. It will handle about 10,000,000 bits-per-second andcan be used with almost any kind of computer. FDDIFDDI, (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) is a standard for transmittingdata on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100,000,000 bits-per-second. Its 10 times as fast as Ethernet, and approximately twice as fast as T-3. Most modems mentioned such as T-1, T-2, T-3, etc. are not intended forhome use. These high speed connections are use mainly for big businesses. Buteven such speeds as T-4 and FDDI are use very little among big companies, butmore of the Army, NASA, the Government, etc. Theyre highly priced which makesthem only available to larger corporations and organizations who need to sendhuge amounts data from one place to another in little time or no time at all. Apart the price factor when would you need to transfer data that is on a CD-ROMdisk holding its full capacity (650 Mb) across the world in 52 seconds? Technology

Secondhand Smoke Is Bad For Your Health Essays - Smoking, Habits

Secondhand Smoke Is Bad For Your Health Reyes Freytes Phil 112 4-20-01 Secondhand Smoke I went on the Internet and started surfing around until I found this web-site called www.no-smoker.org. This site is About Americans for Nonsmokers Rights. The article I read was called Things are changing. The issue is secondhand smoke is bad for your health. The argument here is that tobacco companies are saying that secondhand smoke is not bad for your health. In this essay I will talk about this controversial issue. There are many explicit premises in this article that I will examine. The first premise is that, Tobacco companies have been and continue to be involved in undermining scientific evidence that documents the health hazards of secondhand smoke. This is more than an hidden assumption, reference from the Los Angles Times reported in November 1999 that the major cigarette companies are engaged in a far-reaching campaign to discredit evidence that secondhand smoke is harmful to human health. This is my second premise. Here, there is an implied notion that the Los Angels Times conducted a study to find these findings true. The third premise states, Tobacco industry allies recycle old myths and propaganda - and continue to plant the seeds of confusion and doubt as to the economic effects of smoke free air policies - before legislatures and city councils. Here we see the strong initiative that the tobacco companies especially Philips and Morris take to attack policies that go against their bu siness. The next premise is the fourth premise, As in the past, tobacco companies have continued to create and hide behind front groups to lobby against tobacco control and public health policies. This is another implied notion, which we can say that tobacco companies are trying to control the regulations on tobacco. Premise number five, For example, Philip Morris partners with the National Licensed Beverage Association (NLBA) and a ventilation consulting group called Chelsea Group to subvert and dilute strong smoke free air ordinances across the country. A tobacco companies effort to try to destroy a smoke free ordinance policy is a big effort in their part. They would do anything to make their voice heard. Premise number six, In Casper, WY, for example, tobacco companies spent more than $80,000 to fund a local campaign to overturn a smoke free air ordinance via referendum. This is a direct act of tobacco companies trying to tell the public that secondhand smoke is not bad for your health. Premise number seven, Tobacco companies also continue to conduct push polls and use other devious political tactics that occur under the radar screen to mislead constituents and voters about smoke free air policies in efforts to dampen support for such ordinances. This alone states what the tobacco companies a re trying to do. Once again it implies that second hand smoke is not bad for your health. Premise number eight, The National Smokers Alliance continues to throw up smokescreens to try to prevent clean indoor air ordinances from being passed and to hound elected officials who support smoke free air. The National Smokers Alliance is one of these lobbying groups that are supported by the tobacco companies. These lobbying groups actually try to prevent the clean air ordinance acts and on top of that they hound the officials who do support this act. This specifically implies that the tobacco companies are serious about fighting the clean air ordinance policy. The final premise states, The NSA has been litigating to have the courts throw out strong smoke free air ordinances in Princeton, NJ, Montgomery County, MD, and other cities. Here we have actual court cases proving that the NSA (who as we know is funded by tobacco companies) is once again trying to go against these policies. In conclusion, from reading the article that tobacco companies are still in the game of showing lots of propaganda in illustrating that secondhand smoke is not a threat to human health. Health Care

College Essay Writing Tips

College Essay Writing Tips College Essay Writing Tips This guide is devoted to college essay writing tips presented by professional essay writers for those who have many essays to write and yet lack time to read through lengthy guidelines. We believe that the whole process of college essay writing can be condensed into eight specific steps. Of course, each step requires varying length of time and scope of your attention. With our help, college essay writing is no longer a nightmare! If you find the following college essay writing tips useful and yet do not feel like writing a good essay tonight, you may confidently rely on our college essay writers and get your assignment done by professionals! Eight College Essay Writing Tips Tip 1: Brainstorming This is the first step of college essay writing. You need to think about the topic, decide on the specific aspects you want to cover, write down all thoughts running through your head in the process of topic analysis, and be ready for the next step. Tip 2: Outlining The second step of college essay writing is outlined creation. Why do you need a college essay outline? College essay outline helps you organize your ideas more effectively as it allows presenting your thoughts in a logical manner. Tip 3: Freewrite During this third step of college essay writing, your task is to turn ideas into sentences and paragraphs. While your essay may not be perfect from the very beginning, the purpose of this step is not to write a final draft but rather to expand your outline. Tip 4: Edit Now is time to edit your first draft. You may add additional ideas, expand paragraphs, add transitions between the paragraphs, check referencing, and do all other vital elements which affect the quality of your college essay writing: Tip 5: Second Draft So, we have reached the step when first draft is turned into second draft. It should be well-written, logically organized, and answer the essay question in full. You need to check your college essay for all vital aspects and requirements of the instructor. Tip 6: Edit Draft 2 Basically, you need to look at the whole essay with the special attention paid to the grammar, mechanism, spelling, and other mistakes which might have been left without your attention in the process of writing. Tip 7: Print Essay Sounds easy enough and yet you need to print your second draft of college essay. Sometimes, when you have a printed copy at hand, editing process becomes much easier as you start noticing many mistakes including organization, length of paragraphs, and flow of ideas. Tip 8: Proofread Finally, proofread your final draft one more time prior to submission. If you are fully satisfied with your work, do not hesitate to submit your assignment. If not, you may go through steps 5-7 over again. Read also: Example of Argumentative Essay Essay Term Paper on Doing Business in China Term Paper Editing APA Paper Format Literary Essay Hamlet

7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)

7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them) 7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them) 7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them) By Mark Nichol The sentence construction â€Å"(noun) (verb phrase) by (noun)† is known as passive voice or passive construction, because the true subject is relegated to the end of the sentence and is thus acted on, rather than acting, which often weakens the statement. The solution is simple: Give the focal point of the sentence its due â€Å"(noun) (verb) (noun),† and demote the false subject to the back of the line. Note that not every passive construction is evil sometimes what seems to be the false subject is worthy of prominence but a preponderance of passive constructions leads to a wearying read. 1. â€Å"There is a considerable range of expertise demonstrated by the spam senders.† The actors in this little drama are the spam spenders or, to be more active, the spam senders are the actors in this little drama. Direct them center stage, and send the weak â€Å"there is† opening packing to the provinces: â€Å"The spam senders demonstrate a considerable range of expertise.† 2. â€Å"It was determined by the committee that the report was inconclusive.† Again, the subject is weak and indeterminate. Two actors, the committee and the report, are vying for the lead role here, but committee is the bearer of the news about the report, and to place the report the head of the sentence would be to replace one passive sentence with another. Attend to the actors: â€Å"The committee determined that the report was inconclusive.† 3. â€Å"We were invited by our neighbors to attend their party.† We is stronger than it as a sentence opener, but â€Å"our neighbors† is stronger still: â€Å"Our neighbors invited us to attend their party.† 4. â€Å"Groups help participants realize that most of their problems and secrets are shared by others in the group.† This sentence starts off actively but then turns and bellies up in the middle; emphasizing â€Å"others in the group† over â€Å"most of their problems and secrets† makes the sentence more active: â€Å"Groups help participants realize that others in the group share most of their problems and secrets.† 5. â€Å"The proposed initiative will be bitterly opposed by abortion rights groups.† The content may be about the proposed initiative, but that doesn’t preclude given a sentence about it a more dynamic structure: â€Å"Abortion rights groups will bitterly oppose the proposed initiative.† 6. â€Å"Minor keys, modal movement, and arpeggios are shared by both musical traditions.† The writer is detailing key information at the head of this sentence, but starting off with the context is stronger: â€Å"Both musical traditions share minor keys, modal movement, and arpeggios.† 7. â€Å"In this way, the old religion was able to survive the onslaught of new ideas until the old gods were finally displaced by Christianity.† Remember when I wrote that not every passive voice should be targeted for reconstruction? This sentence is more active, but no more correct: â€Å"In this way, the old religion was able to survive the onslaught of new ideas until Christianity finally displaced the old gods.† Perhaps the newcomer, Christianity, should also come later in the sentence. Again, don’t indiscriminately exterminate passive construction at the expense of the writer’s voice or intent, but do exercise judicial revision to rejuvenate pallid prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingTestimony vs. Testimonial

National cinemas are structurally marginal, fragile and dependent on Essay

National cinemas are structurally marginal, fragile and dependent on outside help. What value, if any, does a national cinema ha - Essay Example Everyone benefits from a lively national film industry, from those who are involved in making the movies to those who watch and even society as a whole, since ideas are transmitted from films to viewers to people around them. One very clear indication of the importance of financial support is the case of Alberta, Canada. In 1973 Alberta created its own provincial film board to encourage Alberta film productions at the advice of the National Film Board. The other provinces immediately followed the success of this plan, so Canada had both a National and Provincial film funding in each province, and it was important, because Canada’s regions are all different. The ethnic and national heritage of different regions stems from different waves of immigration plus the added cultures of the First nations People. Despite its phenomenal success until 1996, Ralph Klein went on a cost cutting spree and cut out the funding in 1996. The Alberta film industry went from a very successful $150- million in 1995 to $50-million by 1997 (FRASER, 2011). 2/3s of the production moved to British Columbia. Even the Alberta and national governments lost money on this deal, since the Alberta industry had created more tax income then the cost of the funding. Once the funding dried up the talent followed the industry move to BC. â€Å"Film is capable of both painting and shaping society.†(Bellucci, 2010) It is a well researched conclusion that film that records aspects of any conflict feeds an â€Å"us vs them† perception and tends to become a symbol of culture and create an â€Å"ethos of conflict† (Benziman, 2013). This can have an interactively reciprocal effect on how the different factions perceive the conflict, and on the culture as a whole. "The conflict shapes national identity, while changes in national identity influence the course of the conflict." (Bar-Tal, Raviv, Raviv, and Dgani-Hirsh 2009; Bar-tal 2010) So movies that depict present or past conflicts change how they are viewed and how the participants feel about themselves and others. The conflict does not have to be armed, or even serious, but just its existence and the acknowledgement of the differences and the perceptions of one being superior effects the national attitudes. This changes the â€Å"National Narrative† of the countries involved, which, in turn changes future history. Because the EU was created to encourage fair trade without tariffs. Any state subsidy or tax benefits essentially breaks this rule. However, because of the perceived need for support of cultural activities in the member states, the European Union introduced the Maastricht Treaty. It allows member states to support independent films important to their cultures. The idea was to allow member states to support non-commercial film making as long as trade and economies were not directly affected. However, some problems developed when defining what kinds of films would qualify. France and the UK w ere the main dissenters. France considers all film to be cultural and necessary, so wants to support all film, even commercial productions. The creation of a definition of â€Å"difficult films† for beginning enterprises, whach are considered worthy of support, was not enough for them. The UK adopted a very detailed definition of a â€Å"difficult film† using the possibility of profit, the size of the target audience and the popularity of the subject matter as criteria. Basically, the idea was to

Population genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population genetics - Essay Example The equilibrium is the direct consequence of the segregation of alleles at meiosis in heterozygotes. Numerically, the equilibrium shows that irrespective of the particular mixture of genotypes in the parental generation, the genotypic distribution after one round of mating is completely specified by the allelic frequency p. One consequence of the Hardy-Weinberg proportions is that rare alleles are virtually never in homozygous condition. An allele with a frequency of 0.001 occurs in homomygotes at a frequency of only one in a million; most copies of rare alleles are found in heterozygotes. In general, since two copies of an allele are in homozygotes but only one copy of that allele is in each heterozygote, the relative frequency of the allele in the heterozygotes(as opposed to homozygotes) is: Which for q=0.001 is a ratio 999:1. Thus, the frequency of heterozygote carriers of rare genes that are deleterious in a homozygous condition is much greater than the frequency of the affected homomygotes. In our derivation of the equilibrium, we assumed the allelic frequency p is the same in sperm and eggs.

To Write Love on Her Arms Movement Essay Example for Free

To Write Love on Her Arms Movement Essay To Write Love on Her Arms is a non-profit movement dedicated to presenting hope and finding help for people struggling with depression, addiction, self-injury and suicide. TWLOHA exists to encourage, inform, inspire and also to invest directly into treatment and recovery. The formation of TWLOHA started in 2006 by Jamie Tworkowski. TWLOHA started gaining recognition when they used MySpace* as their platform to spread awareness. They started gaining more exposure when bands showed their support for the movement by wearing ‘TWLOHA t-shirts’’ when performing on stage. Lead singers of popular bands, Paramore and Switchfoot. Currently TWLOHA has a fairly good amount of exposure to the community and society, but in order to reach out to more, staying stagnant is not the solution. Bands can continue wearing t-shirts to show support, and TWLOHA can regularly update their Facebook and MySpace’s statuses but only the same people will get their message. The number of people who are facing depression and going through self-abuse and giving in to drugs for solution are mostly youths and it is widely known that social networking sites are very popular amongst youths. Hence, I recommend them to use popular sites such as twitter, facebook and tumblr as the main medium. Poster would be the secondary medium to spread a little bit more awareness and lastly the supporting medium would be a viral video where target audience can relate themselves. *MySpace: TWLOHA used MySpace, as a platform to spread awareness back then in 2006 as it was a very popular social networking site. It was even more popular than Faceboo k. Concept Building a) The use of Social Media TWLOHA has already established a facebook page and has garnered more than 1 million likes. In addition, their official twitter page has more than 165,000 followers. In order to spread more awareness, something has to happen so people can talk/discuss/debate/comment about it. This is what you call a ‘trending topic’. One good example was the recent Japan earthquake that took many lives. A trending topic emerges with ‘PrayforJapan’ as a hashtag. TWLOHA has a day dedicated to the movement itself: TWLOHA Day. This  year, TWLOHA day will be on November 13th. TWLOHA is simply a day where you literally write the word: â€Å"love† on your arms. Not many people are aware of this day; hence if TWLOHA can get their supporters (those who follow them on twitter and like them on facebook) to spread it through their statuses, this would really help a lot. Step 1: TWLOHA to post a status on TWLOHA day. Step 2: Get artists to tweet about it, post on their official facebook page. Step 3: Update on what is going to happen, what should people tweet about? Step 4: Few days before the TWLOHA Day, constantly update on facebook and twitter to remind people. Step 5: On November 13th, get everyone to tweet about TWLOHA Day. Make it a trending topic! What is the update on? Here’s the catch. On TWLOHA Day itself, get everyone to tweet on ‘LoveistheMovement’. Basically they can tweet about anything from giving encouragement to people to sharing their stories or how TWLOHA has helped them. They just need to remember to leave the hashtag #loveisthemovement. If everyone tweets about it, tweets it lots of times, then #loveisthemovement will become a trending topic on twitter, it will be known worldwide. People will click on it to find out why is it trending and eventually they will know about TWLOHA movement. Everyone will then join in the cause and spread awareness to their friends. b) Web Banner Web banner is a cheap and fast advertising because almost everyone who has a computer will access the Internet and when they do, these ads will on various websites, and if they are good enough they will respond to our intended call-to-action. In order for your web banner to be recognized, you have to choose a popular website but you have to make sure it reaches out to your target audience and not just anyone in general. In this case, my target audience is people who are facing depression and self-harming themselves. People who are having drug addiction problems as well. And these categories of people normally lie within the youths. I have decided to go for www.perezhilton.com because a lot of youths, young adults and basically adults goes to that website to check out on gossips and what not. His  website is very popular worldwide. Perez blogs about anything celebs. Celebrities going into rehab. Who’s dating who and etc. c) Poster A very common and traditional way of promoting your brand, cause or service. A poster has to be very attention grabbing so people will stop to take a look. Since TWLOHA is a movement to help people, we can use gory pictures (for e.g. a girl cutting herself and bleeding) or we can make use of a really good tagline that draw people in and make them check out the official website.

Sears New Release :: essays research papers

Sears Updates Segment Reporting; Adopts New Accounting Standard Resulting In One-Time Non-Cash Charge Of $520 Million In Second Quarter HOFFMAN ESTATES, Ill., April 12 /PRNewswire/ -- Sears, Roebuck and Co. (NYSE: S) announced total domestic store revenues for the five weeks ending April 7, 2001 were $2.56 billion. Comparable domestic store revenues decreased 5.3 percent. Total domestic store revenues decreased 5.1 percent compared with $2.7 billion for the five weeks ending April 8, 2000. "March retail sales fell below expectations, with the slowing economy and colder than anticipated weather having an impact on both our hardlines and softlines businesses," said Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Alan J. Lacy. "Weather-related seasonal apparel and lawn and garden merchandise accounted for over one-third of the comparable store sales decline. Among the better performing businesses was Home Appliances, which continues to gain market share. The Great Indoors format and sporting goods businesses also performed well." Sears, Roebuck and Co. 5 Weeks 9 Weeks 2001 Domestic Store Revenues $2,563,400,000 4,530,800,000 2000 Domestic Store Revenues 2,701,000,000 4,697,600,000 Percent Change (5.1)% (3.6)% Comparable Domestic Stores Percent Change (5.3)% (3.9)% Preliminary Earnings Announcement The company anticipates that earnings per share for the first fiscal quarter of 2001, ended March 31, will be approximately $0.53, versus $0.65 in the first quarter of last year. In the first quarter, the credit business performed in line with expectations, reflecting continued strong portfolio quality. However, operating income from the credit business for the first quarter will be slightly below last year, mainly due to lower revenues. The domestic retail business did not meet the company's expectations in the first quarter due to sales and margin shortfalls resulting from the slowing economy and cooler than expected spring weather in much of the country. Sears Revises Segment Reporting FASB Statement No. 131 prescribes accounting guidance for segment reporting and requires that a company's externally reported segments be consistent with its internal management structure. Consequently, effective for the first quarter of 2001, Sears is modifying its externally reported segments to reflect the company's integrated retail and related services strategy and to align externally reported business segments with changes that have occurred in the company's internal structure over the past several months. The company's four new segments are as follows: - Retail and Related Services -- This segment consists of merchandise sales and related services, including service contracts, delivery and product installation and repair services. It covers all Sears selling channels, including specialty and full-line stores as well as direct-to- customer operations which includes online, catalogs and clubs and services. - Credit and Financial Products -- This segment includes Sears domestic credit business and the company's related financial product offerings. - Sears Canada -- Formerly named the International segment, this segment

Computer Technology Essay

The education system world wide has been vying to raise the quality of education as reflected in the volumes of research regarding quality education and teacher effectiveness. In the light of the rapid advancement of technology, more research attention has been given to the integration of information and computer technology (ICT) with the educational design and curriculum. It has been included for since computers were invented, however because of the rapid rate by which modernization occurs, the ministries of education for every country must be able to cope up by intensifying the rate degree of integration while upholding quality content and instruction as well. In present Saudi Arabia, the application of satellite technology had been the focused issue because of its potential to elevate the quality of teaching and learning at all levels (Al-Sharhan 2000). Studies have shown Australian states as a model for the significant links communication systems provide for students across the nation to interact and add valuable substance to their learning (Al-Sharhan 2000). The potential of such satellite communication new instated in Saudi Arabia and its uses for educational purpose is yet an area to be discovered and studied because of the reduced equipment, maintenance and operational cause that this technological advancement provides (Al-Sharhan 2000). However, the education system in Saudi Arabia must be prepared by properly equipping their teachers, their curriculum, and their students for the changes that would occur as the operation of the satellite communication are full-fledged. The important focus of this management plan is to introduce ICT and integrate it into the method of quality teaching and learning to the highest degree possible. In ten years time the great need to close the â€Å"performance gap† between the schools and colleges in terms of achieving the goals of a world class high quality education would be eradicated if not it would totally minimal compared to the global leaders in education (Kelly 2001). The current status of the education system defined by limited technology. Studies are still underway into how the satellites can be used however, at present; there are still no clear terms in how it must be used before this quality teaching and learning framework. Planning for improvement must be based upon the baseline or the â€Å"initial audit† of the school and college to include the opinions of the parents, the students, and the staff as the starting point for quality management (Kelly 2001). Considerations must be a unified expected outcome, the welfare of the internal customers, the key persons responsible for implementation and task assignments and a means to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the plan (Kelly 2001). Overview There must be a close consideration for the content and educational design for the integration of ICT into the curriculum and into the classroom instruction (Naidu 2003). Content refers to the information or in the scenario of the ICT integration, electronic information that the students would get as learners (Naidu 2003). Educational design refers to the processes that the educators would use in planning and providing the education for the students (Naidu 2003). The faculty needs to be prepared and guided for the integration of the technology. As the method of instruction would be elevated and modernized, the teaching quality must be improved as well and not be forgotten in the excitement for advanced technology (Fraser 2004). Regulatory and quality assurance would be increased, however there would be a shift from a managerial system to an academic accountability system for the teachers in the college as they have more freedom as well as responsibility when their methods for instruction grows wider (Fraser 2004). The increased emphasis on quality and accountability would be a response to the changes that the colleges and universities would have with a change in their material conditions as the satellite technology become fully accessible and utilized in education (Fraser 2004). As most teachers are used to the traditional technologies, they must be aware that every tool that would become available has something unique and valuable to offer (Clark et al. 2003). Technology can enrich any course subject in ways the traditional method cannot (Clark et al. 2003). In terms of assessment such ICT programs, a web-based assessment reflects the continuum of assessment types because of their nature of improvement (Naidu 2003). Traditional assessments were known to lack a variety and autonomy as well as student choice, they were also lacking in work-based application and project-based learning as well as limited peer and self-assessment strategies (Naidu 2003). ICT-based assessments would be introduced in this plan to be able to evaluate the quality of an ICT-integrated education system. Satellite communications are used for different applications that can both be used for educational purposes; one is for remote sensing, taking pictures and capturing scientific data and the other for telecommunication purposes (Al-Sharhan 2000). Their difference in purpose can point to different themes and school activities by which they would be used. The telephone link would be one of the most important contributions this satellite technology can have for the schools of Saudi Arabia (Al-Sharhan 2000). Theoretical Foundations Expected Outcome Teachers. The computer and all the benefits it can provide have been massively changing the perception for teaching instruction (Nicholls 2002). The expectations have become higher in terms of teacher preparation and delivery in relation to quality education (Nicholls 2002). The teachers can not be one way or the other when it comes to technology; most of the time, some either ignore technology because of the lack of trust and knowledge or rely on them because of familiarity (Nicholls 2002). The implementation of this plan would enable the teachers to be comfortable with teaching with technology. In less than ten years, the staff would become so familiar with ICT that it would be the new normalcy when it comes to quality education. The elevation of standard for the Saudi Arabia schools would reflect that not only a few subjects would make use of such ICT-based curriculum, but it would be a requirement for every subject course and professor. The educators would be the ones introducing technological advancement to their students with their methods and in turn the students would be equipped to use them because of such instruction. Students. The satellite technology would be able to accommodate a large number of students simultaneously and over an extended geographical area (Al-Sharhan 2000). Most of the students are more IT literate and expect technology to be used for teaching by the educators (Nicholls 2002). The teachers, who are well-equipped in operating technology, would be able to customize their activities to fit the needs of the students. It encourages the students to go beyond the lecture to expand their learning and to conduct self-directed study (Nicholls 2002). The school may have web-based discussion forums, electronic mailing lists that enhance student participation and individualized learning (Nichols 2002). The Education System. The integration of ICT and the use of satellite technology can be potential for elevating the standard of the education system in developing countries to overcome specific problems such as loosing high quality teachers due to emigration to other countries, shortage of physical equipment and materials in many schools (Al-Sharhan 2000). The combat against high adult literacy can also be fought better given the Open University potential for online learning (Al-Sharhan 2000). It also provides the solution for segregating male and female students that would be difficult in physical classrooms but would be possible with online classrooms that would give more educational opportunities to women than before (Al-Sharhan 2000).

Pro-Forma Statements Essay

B1. Analyze Simulation Results A budget is a financial plan which is expressed in real numbers, typically in monetary units, which set the expectations for the expenses the company will incur to reach its goals, and management objectives. A good budget uses forecasts to determine what amounts should be used to reach desired efficiency and profitability. Budgets can be used to determine whether a not a process is working effectively, whether or not changes in operations need to be made in order to reach goals, and can help solve problems before they occur and help make changes when necessary. Budgets are important because they provide a quantitative measurement to establish goals, coordinate efforts and departments, and help to realize changes are needed before problems occur. Budgets should be broken down into fragments (short term, mid-term, and long term) which will allow for more precise measurement of the success of a project, allow for changes to be made before moving onto new projects, and to expand on goals when appropriate. By setting short term budget goals and reaching them it helps to ensure that the company is on pace to reach its long term objectives. Budgets need to be revised whenever they no longer useful for planning and control purposes. Anytime there are major changes in the processes or operations the budgets will also need to be revised. Budget figures should be measured frequently to ensure they are still reasonable and that the company is still on track to reach its goals. A Pro-Forma Statement is defined as â€Å"a financial statements prepared on the basis of some assumed events and transactions that have not yet occurred.† (Ralph Estes). Unlike Historical Financial Statements which use real scientific information and are based on facts, Pro-Forma Financial Statements use assumptions to help forecast the future and allow for the use of creativity and flexibility. Pro-Forma Financial Statements are similar to Historical Financial Statements in look and content, both use the same major financial statements including the income statement and the balance sheet, but the Pro-Forma Financial Statement allows for changes to be made in the volatile environment. Pro-Forma Statements are important because they provide the needed information to track progress towards goals. They are based on historic figures so they do provide realistic projections while still allowing for adjustments as needed. Typically a long collection of historic data is used to produce a Pro-Forma Income statement; since the company I created was a start up our information was limited there was even more of a reliance on projections to complete my statements. In the first quarter I had start up factory expenses of $430,000 and spent $120,000 on market research. I had gained $3,000 in interest from a small deposit into a short term CD. I had invested $1,100,000 for fixed plant capacity. Of the $2,000,000 of initial capital $547,000 was used for start-up expenses leaving the company with $1,453,000 in current assets. Important decisions had to be made during Quarter 1 in order to make my projections and set my budgets and expectations. First I had to choose what products to manufacture. I wanted to look for two segments which had some similar wants and needs. By developing two products for two segments with similar wants and needs the hope was that I would be pay off later in saving manufacturing costs by utilizing customization of parts, decrease training costs, cut down on salary expense by having a sales force that could be knowledgeable with both products, and would allow the company to provide better service after the sale. The decisions were all based upon the market research which had been done providing the wants and needs of the segments as well as the price willing to pay, the 12 month demand, and the demand per city. By performing some simple calculations (i.e. price willing to pay X Demand / cost to produce) I was able to make an informed decisions on the two products I wanted to deve lop, where I wanted to set up shop, the size of my sales force, as well as the amount of inventory to produce. I decided to manufacture two products which I felt met the needs of two specific groups. The first group was decided upon due to the quantity of the demand. I felt around this product I could better reach my goal of utilizing an employee empowerment strategy, being able to utilize work cells due to less technical processes and needs, be able to take advantage of customization of parts, and also be able to offer better service after the sales due to increased employee knowledge of the product and the service needed. I decided to focus my efforts on the Workhorse and the Traveler markets. Both markets had similar needs and the products would only need to differ in portability. The market was large and although the desired price would be lower, the higher demand would help generate profit. The hope was to build the distinction of being the low price leader while still providing a reliable product and providing excellent service after the sale. By setting proper starting budgets and being able to adjust accordingly by utilizing the pro-forma statements I was able to make sound financial decisions throughout the simulation. I never had to use emergency loans so I was able to avoid that penalty and cost. By using the statements was even able to make small investments and earn some interest off of those funds. Being a startup company I was very conservative with my investments so I could ensure I would not incur those costs. At the end of the 4th quarter my ending cash balance was over 4 million dollars. This allows for great expansion and higher sales as well as the ability to invest more funds and take advantage of additional interest income. Without the use of the statements and the budget it would not have been possible to monitor the spending and make informed decisions. The Pro-Forma statements and budgets were used to make decisions throughout the entire simulation. Each Quarter I began by examining the cash flow statement. This allowed me to make proper decisions based on the Firm’s solvency as well as my company’s potential for growth. At the beginning of Quarter 1 I had $0 in my beginning cash balance. Thus it was necessary to sell common stock. $2 million dollars were raised through the sale of common stock. It was very important to use my income statements, original budgets, and monitoring my balance sheet. $1.1 million of the funds would be used to invest in my fixed plant capacity in order to reach the needed production levels. With the funds on hand I was only able to open 2 sales offices. I chose the locations based on the projected sales demand, the allotted funds in the budget, and the money left in the cash flow. The two offices cost $430,000 to start up and would also cost a total of $220,000 per quarter for lease. After setting up the Plant capacity and the Sales Offices I had $470,000 dollars left. I still needed funds for Research and Development to ensure that I was making proper decisions and to help guide my decisions in future quarters. I decided to spend $120,000 on research and development. This left me $350,000 in excess cash. I decided to invest a portion of it but was careful using my Pro-Forma statements to ensure that I would not run into the cost of emergency cash loans. $200,000 was placed into a conservative short term C.D. which earned me $3,000 in interest income. The $3,000 and the excess $150,000 would be carried over into the next quarter. The same techniques were used every decision every quarter. Any time I made a decision it was based on my cash flow, income statements and demand projections. Lessons were learned from these decisions, more funding into research and development needed to be used early in the simulation. The result of the poor planning led to the expense of products needing to be redesigned. The carry over equipment had to be sold for salvage value and additional funding needed to be raised to develop the new products. With the proper products in place for the market demand the profits would have been much larger for my company. B2a. Just-in-time Just in Time operations is basically a system which helps force problem solving and drives down start-up costs and inventory costs by initiating a pull system driven by consumer demand and reducing inventory to meet the customer’s needs only when the customer has that need. If the product is not available at the time of demand a problem is found and improvements need to be made. This is very important to any company but especially for a start-up company who really need to watch their cash flow to avoid any emergency loans and the cost and fees associated with them. In my projections I had to take into account the demand of the segments in the cities decided to serve and make educated estimates on how much to produce based on those calculations. There were still questions which needed to be answered which led to less aggressive manufacturing; would my advertising efforts convey the right message to my target audience? Would my choices on where to advertise be successful on reaching my target audience? Would my product designs and branding fit the needs of my customers or would new products need to be developed? The answers to these questions could lead to major adjustments to our entire process and if not done well could lead to an excess of unused inventory which would only be able to recover a small part of the cost it took to develop them. Estimates were made based on the projected sales demands of the markets. Fixed capacity, sales force decisions, and of course inventory decisions were made based on these projections. The idea of course was to have the perfect amount of inventory available to my customers at the exact time they needed them, with very little cost from carrying over unused inventory. Proper use of a Just-in-time strategy could have saved me money and helped expand my company’s growth. During the manufacturing process a Just-in-time strategy would’ve have uncovered the need to increase production to meet my customers’ demand as the products were being â€Å"pulled through† the assembly process. The improper use of the JIT strategy resulted in a loss of 278 Venture II customers and 143 customers of Quest II. The result of these lost customers was $578,453 in profit. By properly utilizing the strategy profits could have been even higher and future growth could have increased. Going forward it will be important to utilize the performance of the past year and make better decisions to provide for a better customer experience. Fortunately after the losses occurred decisions were made to make sure it did not happen again throughout the simulation. A good Just-In-Time strategy would have allowed the mistakes to be caught prior to having to absorb the losses and the poor customer experiences. B2b. Lean Operations Lean operations work hand in hand with making J.I.T. effective. By definition lean operations are used to understand customer’s needs and then to stock and prepare appropriately based on said needs. In my project this was done by successful forecasting based on potential demand of the customers in the given areas and based on the chosen products. By basing our inventory on a lean operations focus the company will be able to decrease the costs of waste in it’s operations, both in unused inventory and the cost of storing excess inventory. B3. Applicability of Work Cells versus Traditional Straight Line Method An effective layout design strategy is important because the decision alone can help decide the efficiency of production as well as help to determine a firm’s competitive advantage. How will the firm be looking to set itself apart? Will it be through differentiation, low cost, or response? Will the company’s priorities focus on capacity, processes, flexibility, and/or cost, etc.? In its very basic form an effective layout design will improve efficiency by better utilizing space, people, and machinery, improving communication, improving inspection, and by allowing for flexibility. Work Cells are specially arranged groups of workers and workstations designed to make the production of a single product or group of related products more efficient by allowing workers to have more reach in the work area, allow for immediate inspection of complete product, fewer workers are needed, less work space, and prom otes better communication between workers. Workers often accept the responsibility of building the product from start to finish in a more positive light because of the empowerment it provides and the specialized training and expanded knowledge. Work Cells are often in the shape of a â€Å"U† allowing for better balance and division of work. The U-shape also will take up more space on the floor than the Traditional Straight Line process method. A Traditional Straight Line process method is the old assembly line assembly process. Each worker is responsible for a piece of a product. That piece is then put together with other pieces and the final product is put together in a series of pieces. The assembly line relies on workstations to be balanced in the share of the work to be effective however; the layout alone often leads to an unbalanced division of the workload. The pieces cannot be inspected until the finished product has been fully assembled by the varying teams, and communication and diverse learning is very limite d. The assembly line approach also leads to the possibility of a â€Å"bottleneck† effect where total production can be slowed by slow production from one of the work units. The advantages of the assembly lines are of course a less expensive and quicker training process, more standardization of parts, and lower handling costs. The decision on which method to use was a difficult one. One of the reasons I chose the two products that I did was because of their similarities and the ability to use customizable parts. However another key to the success was the ability to capitalize on efficient inventory management and processing. Another key was employee empowerment through knowledge which would lead to better service and the ability to recognize and fix problems as they occur during the assembly process. With this being said I would implement a work cell assembly approach. B4. Decisions Involving Inventory Management Understanding the relationship between inventory levels and customer needs is a critical part of any company’s success. Too much inventory can lead to extra costs for the company in the form of storage costs of unused inventory and the expense of selling off unused inventory at discount prices. Not having enough inventory can lead to poor customer experiences by not being able to meet the customer’s needs when needed. This leads to fewer repeat sales and poor relationships. In order for a company to have a low cost strategy they must master inventory levels. As discussed earlier I did not do a good job of inventory management and it cost me in the form of profits and customer satisfaction. The idea is to be perfect and I was far from it. I underestimated the increase in demand after improvements were made in product design and marketing. The result was having higher demand than inventory available. The miscalculations of potential demand cost my company through the simulation and it is very important to execute better inventory management decisions in the future to avoid such issues and losses in the future. My growth decisions were made properly in the form of additional markets, additional sales and service staff, and more fixed capacity capabilities. However, I did not make good inventory management decisions to match the growth demands. The idea of inventory management is of course to find the perfect balance of meeting my customers’ needs while limiting my costs in holding costs and excess capacity costs. It was again necessary to utilize my pro-forma statements to monitor these expenses. The inventory needs were based on demand projections, marketing efforts, and the number of sales people hired. Since my company was a start-up company with little or no brand recognition it was important to find a conservative figure which would still fit the customers’ wants and needs. In the initial Quarter I chose to project demand at 100 units per sales person. I had confidence in my product in the first quarter and decided to leave 43 units of Venture and 32 units of Quest as carryover. The hope was not to run into issues of Sales lost and a loss of customers due to poor experiences. The problem I ran into was due to poor research and development the target market did not find either of my products desirable to fit their needs as they were. My confidence quickly turned into an error in Inventory Management. The remaining units had to be sold at a Salvage price ($846.40 for Venture and $870.40 for Quest). The set price on Venture was $2500 and Quest was $3200, the cost to produce Venture was $1667 and Quest was $1698. This was an enormous loss in potential profits for my company and better use of inventory management and of course research and development could have prevented it. The new products were produced that met the customers’ wants and needs and I decided based on the research which was provided and the history of sales I would be more aggressive with my inventory levels. The sales force was increased to 16 people in Quarter 3 with a demand per sales person of 148, and based on the success in Quarter 4 the sales people were increased to 25 people with an estimate of 225 units per sales person. Due to the increase in demand caused by the additional production more inventory would left at the end of the quarter. The recommendation was that inventory levels should be left at a range of 25 to 50 units of each product, but based on the confidence of sales I increased those ranges and decided to have 86 Venture II units and 64 Quest II units in inventory left at the end of each quarter. I had no missed sales because of a lack of inventory and fortunately did not have to sell any unwanted inventory at salvage prices. Costs did increase in Quarter 4 both in holding costs and excess capacity costs but the cash increases were more than enough to justify the additional inventory. B5. Use of Specific Continuous Programs to Achieve Quality Assurance Goals. Having a culture which promotes quality from top to bottom affects the company in many positive ways; if it starts at the top it becomes a culture which then empowers employees and leads to better customer satisfaction. There are several different programs which help to measure quality; 1.) Continuous Improvement, 2.) Six Sigma, 3.) Employee Empowerment, 4.) Benchmarking, 5.) Just in Time (J.I.T.), 6. Taguchi Concepts and 7.) Knowledge of Total Quality Management (T.Q.M.) Tools. Every aspect of operations can be improved and of course the overall goal is perfection. The cost of defective parts and or systems can be dramatic for a company and difficult to recover. Therefore it is very important to have the proper programs in place to measure quality. I believe two Quality Inspection programs would have been beneficial for my company. It was very important to my company as well as my target customers for us to provide a quality reliable product and have the service in place after the sale for my customers. I believe by implementing an Employee Empowerment program I can help develop quality on both the production side as well as on the service side. Employee Empowerment involves expanding the employees’ roles and responsibilities so that empowerment and belief is spread throughout the company from the highest to the lowest level. By including such responsibilities to the lowest level there is a greater chance that defections or needed improvements will be both addressed as well as shared by the employees who are using the machinery and involved in the everyday operations of the company. With high morale and open communication lines the company should be able to reach the desired quality. The desired quality which the company will be seeking will be determined by using a quality program called Benchmarking. That desired quality will be what our products and services will look like at their very best. All other performances will be judged by comparing to this benchmark. A team will need to be assembled, benchmarking partnerships will need to be formed, data will need to be collected and compared, and improvements will need to be to try and reach our benchmarks. Our benchmarking efforts will analyze such important factors as percentage of defects, customer satisfaction rate, cost per unit, return on investment, customer retention, and response time. References 1. Ralph Estes Dictionary of Accounting (MIT, Cambridge, 1981, p. 105)

California Indian Suppression essays

California Indian Suppression essays Modern America has established and continues to maintain a positive view of the California Mission System instituted by the Spaniards in the late 1700s and early 1800s. This attitude has been popularized due to the United States desire to see their nation as a place of freedom, free of blame, originally based on Christian morality. The problem lies in that history has become subjective. Early historians denied the barbaric nature of the mission system, releasing the Spanish Catholic Church and the eventual Anglo-Saxon conquerors of fault in regards to the decimation of the Native California Indian population. In contemporary America, despite revisionist history, people continue to celebrate a mythical past full of positive reformation that never truly existed. To understand the situation we must first examine the true nature of the history that occurred. The Franciscans first arrived in California in 1769, establishing their first mission in San Diego the same year. Then came San Gabriel in 1771, San Juan Capistrano in 1776, San Buenaventura in 1782, San Fernando in 1797, San Luis Rey in 1798, La Purisima Concepcion in 1787, and finally Santa Ynez in 1804. According to Carey McWilliams, author of Southern California Country, there were approximately 30,000 Indians in Southern California when the Franciscans arrived. During the reign of the mission system the Padres baptized nearly 54,000 Indians, converting them to Catholicism. These Indians have been labeled neophytes, or new converts. The original intentions of the Padres were simple enough. They intended to reach out to these savage peoples, bringing them salvation through the Gospel of Christ. They intended to purify the church, and simplifying life itself. This philosophy was inspired by a Dutchman. Known as Epicureanism, this philosophy focused directly on simplification. The Franciscans saw California as a land of opportunity, a chance to rid t...

Optics Is in the Eye of the Beholder

Optics Is in the Eye of the Beholder Optics Is in the Eye of the Beholder Optics Is in the Eye of the Beholder By Mark Nichol How does optics- employed as a buzzword synonym for perception, not a reference to the study of light and sight- look to you? What’s your view? Do we see eye to eye? This post discusses a not-new but newly trending term whose increasing popularity says something about the way we see ourselves and our culture- and institutions that significantly influence the way we live. Optics ultimately derives from the Greek word optikos, meaning â€Å"pertaining to sight,† which in turn comes from optos, meaning â€Å"seen† or â€Å"visible,† and, as mentioned above, refers to the science of light (and therefore of sight), but it has acquired an additional sense- and, if you are familiar with the word, not as recently as you might think. The use of optics as shorthand for â€Å"the way things look† seems to have spiked in usage, but it dates back several decades, from a government official’s comment that a gesture of appreciation would be â€Å"a nice optical step†- that is, it would look good and reflect well on the person making the gesture. A newspaper editorial, in response, criticized the fact that â€Å"optics†- doing something to make a good impression- would not resolve an underlying problem that the gesture seemed to attempt to obscure. Ever since then, optics has served as a substitute for perception, especially in politics and business, which are all about perception. Until recently, the term was more common in Canada than in the United States, perhaps thanks to the influence of the equivalent French term optique in the bilingual nation. (German has the similar word Optik.) But as our society has increasingly come to value show over substance, the word is becoming more prevalent south of the border. Businesspeople and politicians alike often express concern about how an action will appear, at the expense of focus on actual ramifications. â€Å"What are the optics?† they ask each other. Whether customers and constituents improve their own eyesight will determine the future of this jarring jargon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowA While vs AwhileHow to Style Legislative Terms

Materials Tribotechnolgy and Surface Engineering Assignment

Materials Tribotechnolgy and Surface Engineering - Assignment Example Double shear is prominent within pin-and-clevis connections possess the merit of being balanced because of the symmetry. Load P is normally transferred over two cross-sections. Therefore, whilst the bolt transfers the same force P, the corresponding maximum shear stress is half that of the bolt of the single shear. The two-phase field at steady temperature consists of the mixture of copper and Sb, with the composition of the phases at the saturation limits the values on the prevailing boundaries at the end of the tie line. Different compositions at this temperature contain diverse proportions of every phase that the entire fractions of the two elements. The underlying proportions of every phase by weight within the two-phase region such that the weight fractions are mainly fixed by the demand that the matter is conserved. The alloy contains 95 wt% copper and the first is austenitized, and the alloy cools slowly at room temperature at 650 degrees. At 650 degrees the alloy is liquid and it melts to 500 degrees. At the temperature of 450 degrees, the alloy is pure Sb. A detailed view of the arrangement of the atoms around a left-hand screw dislocation has two planes of atoms. The lattice is perfect and the filled circles are directly below the open circles. Within the lower portion of the figure, atom 1 is within the lower level, and atom 2 is above. A Ceramics materials are normally extremely hard and do not deform plastically under tensile stress. Nevertheless, they break suddenly after elastic deformation. Moreover, ceramics materials possess small cracks due to their prevailing processing. Compression stress normally exerts a lot of pressure on the ceramics making it be compact and stronger to forces. Nevertheless, tensile stress leads to the development of cracks on the ceramics due to dislocations and slip of the molecules making it be weak. Since ceramics are brittle in nature, tension load leads to small cracks.

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Phase Definitions 1 Assignment

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Phase Definitions 1 - Assignment Example Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a polish priest and an astronomer. He adopted elements of Ptolemaic model and transferred them to a heliocentric (sun-centered) model. The heliocentric model used the assumption that the earth revolved round the sun in a circle (Kagan et al, 422). In relation to Ptolemy’s system, his epicycles were smaller, and the inverted motion of the planets was explained to occur due to an optical illusion that came up because people were observing them from the earth, which was moving. He argued that some planets were far away from the sun; thus, took a long time to revolve around it. Tycho Brahe (1546– 1601), a Danish astronomer, took the next significant step towards improving the idea of the sun-centered system. He suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun but that the moon, the sun and the other planets orbited round the earth (Kagan et al, 69). Brahe made scientific instruments with which he made more advanced findings of pla nets than anyone else had done. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German astronomer and assistant to Brahe took possession of Brahe’s table upon his demise. He believed in the Copernican heliocentric model and was deeply influenced by Renaissance Neo-Platonism, which holds the sun in peculiar honor. He let go of the circular components of the Copernicus’s model; the epicycles after he eventually realized that the sun had to be at the centre of things. Based on the findings that emerged from his study of Brahe’s work, Keppler produced the first astronomical model that portrayed motion. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) discovered that the heavens were extremely complex than anyone had ever suspected. He knew that few people possessed the knowledge, so he used his rhetorical skills to show that he was concerned with developing the facts further, and not opposing them. Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after his patron, Medici. In order to win support both for his continue d work and theories, he named the moons of Jupiter after Medici’s. Through his political skills and excellent prose, he transformed himself into a high- profile advocate of Copernicanism (Kagan et al, 428). Isaac Newton (1642-1727) had a view that inertia force applies to bodies both at rest and motion. He found out that the planets, as well as the other objects in the space moved by mutually attracting each other; and that every object affected one another through the force of gravity. This is what caused the planets to move in an organized way. Newton also believed in empiricism, a philosophical teaching that emphasized on observation of phenomena before explaining them. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was considered the founder of experimentation and empiricism in science. He worked to link science and material progress in the public mind. He believed that the world was yet to discern novel things. He also had a strong conviction that scholars paid too much attention to traditio ns and knowledge of ancient findings. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), a talented mathematician who invented the analytic geometry. He concluded that he could not doubt his own act of thinking or his own existence. He then acknowledged the existence of God. He influenced thoughts of philosophers of his time and the present. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) provided a rigorous philosophical justification for a strong central political authority. He advised people not to do unto others what

Engaging parents and fathers in their children's early learning Essay

Engaging parents and fathers in their children's early learning - Essay Example For instance, the ministries and departments of education and child welfare have been in the forefront of funding projects that gather, assess, and analyze existing knowledge and best practices that would encourage other educational and learning stakeholders to work with and involve parents in young children’s learning (Desforges, 2003). This paper explores the subject of involving parents, more so fathers in children’s early learning. Many educationists concur that the importance of parental involvement in children’s early learning cannot be overemphasized. The first reason for this assertion is that parents are children’s first and most enduring educators. Thus, by working together with other child welfare and development practitioners, parents play a rather critical role in and have a positive impact on their children’s early learning and development. This positive impact of parental involvement stems from the fact that the time and activities shared among parents and children not only affect the children’s social and intellectual development but also their emotional development (Desforges, 2003). It is therefore imperative that parents understand that children’s early learning requires more than just being parents but requires them to take an active role in the children’s early learning. There are several parental factors infringing on or affecting a children’s early learning. These factors include parents’ socioeconomic status, education level and living conditions, which have direct bearing on a child’s early learning activities and outcomes. Nonetheless, more important than the above factors is the quality of a child’s home learning environment. Although parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has

Construction Techniques for Bridges

Construction Techniques for Bridges Structure of report An extensive part of this report was dedicated to the literature review. Though actually the most interesting part is the one which concerns to the results of the vulnerability of bridge of the case study, it is not admissible to neglect all the general considerations based on an extensively research in technical text, through which was possible to determine the specific structure, the method and the phases of construction, the type of analysis to be carried out and in which way the results have to be read. Indeed close attention is needed in interpreting the results due to limitations of the specific case under consideration and at the same time because of the need to generalize the specific results for use on a larger scale of projects. In the literature review section of the report a general study about bridges has been developed. This has been done investigating the history, the evolution, as well as the technologies and trends of bridge design, with particular attention to recent developments in California. Construction techniques have also been analyzed in more details referring to many important projects, based on international literature, scientific journals and technical books. Then the earthquake section was covered. In the section about Codes of practice an overview of the most important aspects has been made and few tables of interested have been attached to justify the choices made in the case study. Type of Analysis of previous papers The second part, elaborated with the support of the software SAP2000 BRIDGE Modeler, follows the development of the project of a common bridge in California according to the local and currents codes of practice. Literature review An extensive literature review was conducted to understand which is the state of the research and the interest of the codes in assured performance behavior of the bridges during phases of construction. Bridges Among all the engineering sciences, bridge engineering is one of the most complex because involves in itself a lot of disciplines, from technical to aesthetic, from environmental to social, from economic to political aspects. Without any doubt the technical and the economic factors are those that strongly influence engineers choices in designing a bridge, but they do not cover all the design process. Using Troitsky words Planning and designing bridges is part art and part compromise (Chen, Lian Duan, 1999). For understanding recent trends in bridge design and construction it is of high importance to consider the development that bridge engineering has undergone during centuries. History illustrates that social and economical changes in a nation have been reflected on bridge engineering development. At different historical moments, various types of bridges have been built for many purposes with the new technologies at each time. From the 19th century, due to the big industrial growth, bridges have been built essentially as part of the transportation system. During the 20th century, bridge engineering has been characterized by big changes in the structural solutions and methods of constructions because of the diffusion of the reinforced concrete. The designers had finally a large possibility of choices between materials, methods of constructions and technologies of analysis. This led to the actual scenario where multiple type of bridges are in operation highlighting the wide creativity of bridge engineers. Designing a bridge, the main important parameters to take in account in choosing the best solution are: location, span, material, type of foundation, scheme of the bridge, type of superstructure, type of supports, method of construction. Regarding materials, nowdays timber is used only for temporary bridges, then for ordinary bridges the choice is between reinforced concrete and steel. Depending on the span of the structure one material is to be preferred to the other. For spans between 65ft and 330ft reinforced concrete gives the best compromise, for spans greater than 330 ft steel is recommended. The span influences also the system of the bridge: for small and medium spans a beam bridge is commonly used, for spans longer than 160 ft an arch system could be adviced and a suspended bridge can be the solution for very long span bridges. These are only indication, and every single case has to be evalued considering limitations due to location, codes, cost and typical bridge of the area . It is a good rule of practice to consider typical projects recent designed in the area in which there is the purpose of insert a new bridge structure, if the medium-span is the one of interest. (Chen, Lian Duan, 1999). Structural Types This paragraph intends to provide a list of the several commonly used types of bridges, highlighting the differences for geometry, analysis, economy. This list is not to be intended complete, as other type of bridges may be design, in which case, specific deep studies have to be done in order to analyse the particular solution. According to Raina it is possible to categorize bridges in six different types of superstructure regarding the material which is made of. Materials commonly used for building the superstructure of permanent bridges are: Reinforced Concrete Prestressed Concrete Masonry Steel Mix of steel and reinforced concrete or mix of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete Special superstructures with cables For each material there are possibilities of different kinds of sections. 1. Reinforced Concrete Superstructures can be simple span or continuous span; balanced cantilever, arch or frame, tipically utilized for short span bridges. Some parts may be precast. Solid Slab Used for spans between 5 and 14 meters Slab and girder (T-beam bridges) Used for spans between 14 and 25 meters Hollow box girder Used for spans between 25 and 70 meters Characterized by a high torsional resistance, is suitable for curved paths. 2. Prestressed Concrete Superstructures can be simple, balanced or free cantilever, or continuous span. It is possible to have segmental cast in situ or precast solutions. Prestressed Concrete superstructures cover medium spans. Hollow slab Used for spans between 10 and 25 meters Slab and girder (Girder bridges) Hollow box girder 3. Masonry superstructures have been associated with arch bridges in the past centuries. This type of bridges is not of relevant importance for this study, which is relative to new bridges under construction. 4. Steel Superstructure typically consists in a steel truss deck and covers long spans. 5. Composite superstructures can have the following deck types: Longitudinal plate girder and transverse beam girder with concrete slab Longitudinal and transverse beam girder with concrete slab Longitudinal box girder with concrete slab The deck arrangement can be simple span or continuous span, or arch and covers medium and long spans. 5. Special superstructure Cable stayed bridges Suspended bridges These structures are of relatively new conception and in last century have been used for long span solutions. (V.K.Raina, 1994). New trends According to Caltrans informations, in California the majority of bridges have been built with the cast-in-place (CIP) technique (See also fig.x?). This method of construction provides a good compromise between bridge cost and seismic performance of the structure. Commonly CIP system requires big effort in design and preparation at the site; often needs framework to support and long time for casting and finishing. An ever-increasing requests of new way of transportation has been registered due to the rapid growth of population and the high economic standards, added to the aging of infrastructures and the introduction of new seismic design criteria. The transportation planners are searching for new solutions that can accelerate highway and bridge construction in alternative to the traditional ones. Caltrans engineers are looking at precasting to try to achieve the Accelerating Bridge Construction (ABC); they are developing research and studies to understand the effectiveness of precas t solutions in reducing construction time on site and delays in the decongestion of traffic. In the beginning, Caltrans was concerned about the behavior of the precast structures in high seismic zones, because there was not a long tradition in the earthquake prone areas. Precasting has been usually considered having too many points of connection which are weaknesses for seismic performance capabilities. The University of California-San Diego conducted tests on the seismic behavior of precast segmental bridge and the results showed that this kind of method gives desirable performances also for high seismic zones. (Aspire, Spring 2007) In the last 3 years few projects have been completed successfully in California with prefabricated elements, and even if they costed 30% more than it they were built with traditional CIP method, the reduced time-on-site guarantees a overall gain. Economic analysis and Quantity trends In the figure above is graphically shown the trend of the Bridge Construction Cost Index in California over the last 45 years. It is evident how the index cost has been increasing over the decades, although sometimes decrements have been registered. This is possibly due to periods of regressions in the economy of the State or due to improvements in various technical aspects of construction and consequently in the adoption of new, cheaper and better designed solutions. It is very difficult to forecast the cost of bridge engineering works, as they are related to a lot of uncertainty parameters like economic situation, inflation, local environment. By the way an effort in this sense has been done to have some costs of Seismic Codes WHICH SEISMIC CODE AASHTO Standards Specifications give provisions of minimum requirements for conventional bridges with span not exceeding 300ft. There are some general indications about cable-stayed bridges, suspended bridges, arch bridges but these are not fully covered. The fundamental principles on which the Standards are based on are the following points: Structural performance should be ensured without significant damage (elastic range) under small and moderate earthquakes Design has to be carried out applying realistic ground motion accelerations Large earthquake should not cause collapse The Codes are valid for all United States and the seismic risk varies a lot through the Country. Reading the acceleration contours on the hazard map (fig.20?) the acceleration coefficient A, relative to the place of interest, is determined dividing by 100 the value read; the map is based on a return period of 475 years for events with 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years. Four Seismic Performance Categories (SPC) from A to D (AASHTO SDC) or from 1 to 4 (AASHTO LRFD) are defined (fig.20?) on the base of the Acceleration Coefficient (A) and two Importance Classification (IC) parameters categorize every bridge as Essential (I) or Critical (II) regarding its importance (fig. 22?). To take into account the soil conditions a Site Coefficient (S) has to be used in the design process for all type of foundation for approximates the effect of the soil modification on the structural behavior (fig.22?). S coefficient varies from 1 to 2 for soils from rock to soft clays or silts. For those c ases in which is not possible to determine the characterization of the site, a soil Type II with S=1.2 should be assigned. With this specifications the elastic seismic response coefficient Csm has to be calculate for the Tm period of vibration of the structure that corresponds to the mth mode. Csm is defined by the Code (3.10.6.1 AASHTO LRFD) as a function of A, S and Tm. Seismic design forces for substructure and connections have to be determined dividing the elastic forces by the appropriate Response Modification Factor given for each Importance Category of bridge. To consider the variability of the directions in which the earthquake may occur, two combinations of orthogonal seismic forces have to be apply to the superstructure of the bridge with the proportion of 100% and 30% in each direction. The Code (AASHTO LRFD) defines a vertical support as a column if the ratio of the clear high to the maximum dimension of the cross section is not less than 2.5. If the ratio is less than 2 .5, the requirements for piers have to be satisfied. A pier can be analysed as a pier in its strong direction and as a column in the weak one. Analysis Method The objective of seismic design is to define forces which structures are subject to, calculate elastic and inelastic deformations, study the ductile behavior of the structure and verify the ability of the single elements to resist. Different methods of analysis were found in the literature review with different assumptions and for different scopes. Briefly it will be given a list of the methods covered by the codes. Analytical Methods ESA Equivalent Static Analysis EDA Elastic Dynamic Analysis ISA Inelastic Static Analysis Structural System Global Analysis Stand-Alone Local Analysis Transverse Stand-Alone Analysis Longitudinal Stand-Alone analysis Simplified Analysis ESA Equivalent Static Analysis can be used to estimate the displacement demands of those structure with uniform stiffness, responding by the predominant mode of vibration, where dynamic analysis would not give significantly different results. (Cetinkaya, Nakamura,Takahashi,2005) EDA Elastic Dynamic Analysis can be used to estimate the displacement demands of those structures where ESA does not give a good response of the dynamic behavior. The effect of applying design spectral acceleration likely results in stresses exceeding the linear range. This is due to the contribution of the soil, yielding in the structural elements, expansion of the joints. According to recent Caltrans specifications (Caltrans SDC (v.1.5)) an Ordinary Bridge can be analyzed either with Equivalent Static Method or Linear Elastic Dynamic Method for estimating the displacement demands. For establish the displacement capacity of the elements a nonlinear analysis is required to take into account the ductility of the structure. Pushover analysis Case study The case study has been chosen after evaluating the trends in bridge construction in California in the last ten years. The trend shows that the majority of bridges designed in recent past are of medium span, built with the cast in place technique. A very high percentage of these are prestressed box girder built by segments with the balanced cantilever erection method. Since the interest of this study is aimed at predicting the likely behavior of the bridges that will be probably built in the next future in California, the choice was made in that direction. Precast!!!!!NEW TRENDS The main objective of this study is to study the vulnerability of the bridge under the seismic load if the earthquake is going to occur during the construction phases. Before doing this, however, is fundamental to be sure that the bridge (case of study), after work completion and during life time under live loads, will respond satisfying all safety criteria required by the current local codes. We are talking about small earthquakes if the performance behavior of the structure has to stay in the elastic range, because this is a principle that governs the bridge design according to the codes of practice. Structural System The solution adopted consists in a prestressed cast on site concrete box girder constructed with the segmental balanced cantilever method, with a mixed system of prestressing cables in post-tension. Stages of Construction One of the most significant aspect of the bridge under consideration, that affects the all the design phases, is the definition of the bridge behavior during construction in the sequential progression of structural configurations. Therefore, issues relating to structural analysis during construction and those due to the actions in the final phase, have been examined in depth. Modeling The modeling has been conducted The capacity demand of vertical supports is a complex function of a lot of variables including: Ground motion characteristic Required design level Period of vibration of the structure Material behavior Elastic damping coefficient Soil condition and foundation type The geology of the ground and the morphology of the site play a key role in the design stage and govern the choices to be made in terms of foundations, maximum span length and construction type. A subsurface investigation in the vicinity of piles and abutments is necessary to identify a suitable foundation type. The economic aspect is also affected because, depending on the geological situation, in case of high risk of liquefaction or slope stability the cost of foundations can vary greatly and reach very high costs in proportion to the total cost of the structure. In the case study taken into consideration, there was no possibility to determine the required type of the foundations due to the lack in knowledge of the geology of the soil. The feasible foundation options that could be proposed are many and, depending on the particular one chosen, they could significantly change the behaviour of the structure under seismic load. It was therefore preferred to leave the type of foundations as undefined and study the behaviour of the superstructure (piers and abutments) by assigning a good degree of restraint at the base of the substructure. Basically in the analysis model the base of the substructure has been fully restrained neglecting the possibility of deformation. This decision is based on the assumption that a fully fixed restraint (as the one simulated/assigned in the analysis model) will never occur in reality, regardless the type of foundation chosen; this means that the reactions at the base obtained from the model will be higher than the ones expected in reality, guarantying a conservative approach of the study. On the other hand the scope of this study is not the full design of the bridge, but the variation of the seismic vulnerability during the construction process, hence the previous assumptions, constant during the study of all construction stages, do not affect the final results. This means that making sure that the limitations deriving from these assumptions are taken into consideration, it has been possible to interpret the results appropriately as described in the following paragraphs. Analysis procedure The project of the bridge should be feasible in the near future at the location indicated and therefore the completed structure has to be able to withstand to all the loads defined by the codes, including seismic loads. Therefore, the first phase of this study involved the design of the bridge sections by analyzing bending, shear and torsion in superstructure and substructure. Usually, while conducting a push-over analysis, the structure is pushed till collapse is reached. This means that the structure would be allowed to pass the linear state and undergo to the non-linear one with the progressive formation of plastic hinges. Plastic hinges are a exemplification of cracking and initial damages in the structure. Wherever they occur, is not admissible to have cracks in the structure during construction of the bridge. For this reason the capacity of the piers to resist to seismic loads during construction has been evaluated through linear pushover analysis. Therefore the structure behavior has always been considered linear and when plastic hinges started occurring, which means that the structure was dissipating energy while cracking, the pushover has been stopped because the piers were considered damaged. Since the structure was reproduced with a 3-dimensional model, two different pushover analysis were carried on: one in the longitudinal direction and one in the transverse direction. The two chosen directions correspond to the first and the second mode of vibration of the bridge. Longitudinal pushover analysis was performed applying a slowly increasing seismic load on the superstructure of the bridge in the same direction of the span, and transverse pushover analysis similarly in the perpendicular direction. Summary and Conclusion The discussion in this study was carried out looking at a single bridge and making some simplifications (assumptions of fixity supports, two orthogonal directions of seismic forces, no admissible damage, linear behavior) to limit the number of variables that could affect the analysis. The previous push-over results refer to different models for the different construction phases of the same bridge. It would be hazardous coming to the conclusion that these results are representative of all bridge behaviors. Surely this study can be considered a good starting point for further investigation to be carried out on bridges with different characteristics for compare and group them in classes with analogue behavior to reach a generals conclusions about seismic vulnerability during construction.